8 stages all bills go through before assent by the President

The law-making process in Kenya is a structured and multi-stage procedure designed to ensure thorough scrutiny, public participation, and adherence to constitutional principles.

Here’s a detailed breakdown of how a bill becomes law in Kenya:

1. Drafting the bill

The process begins with the drafting of a bill. This can be initiated by the government, individual members of parliament, or private entities.

The draft bill is typically prepared by legal experts to ensure it is comprehensive and aligns with existing laws and the Constitution.

2. First Reading

Once the bill is drafted, it is introduced to the National Assembly. The first reading involves the formal presentation of the bill’s title and objectives.

No debate on the bill’s content occurs at this stage. The primary purpose is to inform members of parliament (MPs) and the public of the proposed legislation.

3. Second Reading

During the second reading, MPs debate the general principles and merits of the bill. This stage is crucial as it allows for a detailed discussion on the bill’s intent, potential impact, and relevance.

MPs may support, oppose, or suggest amendments to the bill. At the end of the debate, a vote is taken. If the bill passes this stage, it moves to the committee stage.

4. Committee Stage

The bill is referred to a relevant parliamentary committee for detailed examination. This committee can be a standing committee, a departmental committee, or a select committee.

The committee stage involves a clause-by-clause analysis of the bill. Public participation is often invited at this stage, allowing stakeholders and citizens to present their views and suggestions.

The committee can recommend amendments to the bill based on their findings and public input.

5. Report Stage

After the committee stage, the bill, along with any proposed amendments, is reported back to the National Assembly.

During the report stage, MPs debate the committee’s recommendations and may suggest further amendments. This stage ensures that the bill has been thoroughly vetted and refined.

6. Third Reading

The third reading is the final debate on the bill in the National Assembly. At this stage, MPs discuss the bill as amended during the committee and report stages. The focus is on the final form of the bill.

A vote is then taken. If the bill is approved, it proceeds to the Senate if it concerns county governments or directly to the President if it does not.

7. Senate (If Applicable)

If the bill affects county governments, it is sent to the Senate for consideration. The Senate follows a similar process: first reading, second reading, committee stage, report stage, and third reading.